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In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. [1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse ...
A duripan is a diagnostic soil horizon of the USDA soil taxonomy that is cemented by illuvial silica into a subsurface hardpan.Similar to a fragipan, Petrocalcic Horizon and petrogypsic horizon, it is firmly cemented and restricts soil management.
Synonyms include ferruginous duricrust, hardpan and ironpan. [1] This boulder of ferricrete near Questa, New Mexico, is an iron oxide-cemented colluvial breccia. Ferricrete deposits along the Animas River watershed in Colorado have been classified as: alluvial iron oxyhydroxide-cemented conglomerates along old stream channels;
The Required Characteristics of a fragipan according to the "Keys to USDA soil taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006" are . The layer is 15-cm or more thick; and The layer shows evidence of pedogenesis within the horizon or, at a minimum, on the faces of structural units; and
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Hardpan is the dry terminus of an internally drained basin in a dry climate, a designation typically used in the Great Basin of the western United States. [citation needed] The Chott el Djerid in Tunisia. Another term for dry lake bed is playa. The Spanish word playa (pronounced) literally means "beach". Dry lakes are known by this name in some ...
Duricrust is a hard layer on or near the surface of soil.Duricrusts can range in thickness from a few millimeters or centimeters to several meters. It is a general term (not to be confused with duripan) for a zone of chemical precipitation and hardening formed at or near the surface of sedimentary bodies through pedogenic or non-pedogenic processes.
A bail handle can also be used to hang items such as IV bottles [5] [6] and potted plants. A flip-top closure on a bottle or jar is sometimes called a bail closure . Decorative bail handles appeared on pieces of French Rococo furniture during the early 18th century.