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The second derivative of a function f can be used to determine the concavity of the graph of f. [2] A function whose second derivative is positive is said to be concave up (also referred to as convex), meaning that the tangent line near the point where it touches the function will lie below the graph of the function.
Newton's method uses curvature information (i.e. the second derivative) to take a more direct route. In calculus , Newton's method (also called Newton–Raphson ) is an iterative method for finding the roots of a differentiable function f {\displaystyle f} , which are solutions to the equation f ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(x)=0} .
In calculus, the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions. Let () = (), where both f and g are differentiable and ()
When the objective function is twice differentiable, these cases can be distinguished by checking the second derivative or the matrix of second derivatives (called the Hessian matrix) in unconstrained problems, or the matrix of second derivatives of the objective function and the constraints called the bordered Hessian in
First-order means that only the first derivative of y appears in the equation, and higher derivatives are absent. Without loss of generality to higher-order systems, we restrict ourselves to first-order differential equations, because a higher-order ODE can be converted into a larger system of first-order equations by introducing extra variables.
The classical finite-difference approximations for numerical differentiation are ill-conditioned. However, if is a holomorphic function, real-valued on the real line, which can be evaluated at points in the complex plane near , then there are stable methods.
In the above expressions for the error, the second derivative of the unknown exact solution can be replaced by an expression involving the right-hand side of the differential equation. Indeed, it follows from the equation y ′ = f ( t , y ) {\displaystyle y'=f(t,y)} that [ 12 ]
For example, if one end of an iron rod is held at absolute zero, then the value of the problem would be known at that point in space. A boundary condition which specifies the value of the normal derivative of the function is a Neumann boundary condition, or second-type boundary condition. For example, if there is a heater at one end of an iron ...
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