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In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections. [1] Multi-party systems tend to be more common in countries using proportional representation compared to those using winner-take-all elections, a result known as Duverger's law .
The seat linkage compensatory mixed system often referred to as MMP originates in Germany. (It was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.) In Germany, it was differentiated from a different compensatory mixed system by always being known as personalized proportional representation (PPR) (German: personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrec
A two-party plurality election system means there are many safe seats, districts where only one party has a chance to be elected. This often leads to polarization and low voter turnout, and sometimes opens door to foreign interference at the nomination stage.
The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to multi-party systems.
Multi-winner electoral systems at their best seek to produce assemblies representative in a broader sense than that of making the same decisions as would be made by single-winner votes. They can also be route to one-party sweeps of a city's seats, if a non-proportional system, such as plurality block voting or ticket voting, is used.
Starting with the 2018 election, both houses of the Italian parliament are elected using a system similar to parallel voting. 62.5% of the seats are assigned proportionally to party lists; party lists are also linked in coalitions supporting constituency candidates running for the remaining 37.5% of the available seats, who are elected by means ...
Dominant-party systems are commonly based on majority rule for proportional representation or majority boosting in semi-proportional representation. [citation needed] Plurality voting systems can result in large majorities for a party with a lower percentage of the vote than in proportional representation systems due to a fractured opposition (resulting in wasted votes and a lower number of ...
Therefore, 95% and more of voters use the above-the-line option, making the system, in all but name, a party list system. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Parties determine the order in which candidates are elected and also control transfers to other lists and this has led to anomalies: preference deals between parties, and "micro parties" which rely ...