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  2. Biogeography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography

    Biogeography is a synthetic science, related to geography, biology, soil science, geology, climatology, ecology and evolution. Some fundamental concepts in biogeography include: allopatric speciation – the splitting of a species by evolution of geographically isolated populations

  3. Biogeology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeology

    Biogeology is the study of the interactions between the Earth's biosphere and the lithosphere. [1]Pyrite. Biogeology examines biotic, hydrologic, and terrestrial systems in relation to each other, to help understand the Earth's climate, oceans, and other effects on geologic systems.

  4. Biogeochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemistry

    Biogeochemistry research groups exist in many universities around the world. Since this is a highly interdisciplinary field, these are situated within a wide range of host disciplines including: atmospheric sciences, biology, ecology, geomicrobiology, environmental chemistry, geology, oceanography and soil science.

  5. Zoogeography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeography

    Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with geographic distribution (present and past) of animal species. [ 1 ] As a multifaceted field of study, zoogeography incorporates methods of molecular biology, genetics, morphology, phylogenetics , and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to delineate evolutionary ...

  6. List of research methods in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods...

    A research design that involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods. [ 1 ] Paired t-test , Wilcoxon signed-rank test

  7. Phylogenetic comparative methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative...

    Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species .

  8. Phytogeography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography

    Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, phytón = "plant" and γεωγραφία, geographía = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. [1]

  9. Cladistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics

    Willi Hennig 1972 Peter Chalmers Mitchell in 1920 Robert John Tillyard. The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); but the terms "cladistics" and "clade" were popularized by other researchers.