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Substitutionary atonement, also called vicarious atonement, is a central concept within Western Christian theology which asserts that Jesus died for humanity, [1] as claimed by the Western classic and paradigms of atonement in Christianity, which regard Jesus as dying as a substitute for others. Substitutionary atonement has been explicated in ...
Catholic Church. The satisfaction theory of atonement is a theory in Catholic theology which holds that Jesus Christ redeemed humanity through making satisfaction for humankind's disobedience through his own supererogatory obedience. The theory draws primarily from the works of Anselm of Canterbury, specifically his Cur Deus Homo ('Why Was God ...
Penal substitution, also called penal substitutionary atonement and especially in older writings forensic theory, [1] [2] is a theory of the atonement within Protestant Christian theology, which declares that Christ, voluntarily submitting to God the Father's plan, was punished (penalized) in the place of (substitution) sinners, thus satisfying the demands of justice and propitiation, so God ...
Louis Berkhof. Louis Berkhof (13 October 1873 – 18 May 1957) was a Dutch-American Reformed theologian whose works on systematic theology have been influential in seminaries and Bible colleges in the United States, Canada, Korea and with individual Christians in general throughout the 20th century.
Catholic Church. The moral influence or moral example theory of atonement, developed or most notably propagated by Abelard (1079–1142), [1][2][note 1] is an alternative to Anselm 's satisfaction theory of atonement. [1] Abelard focused on changing man's perception of God as not offended, harsh, and judgmental, but as loving. [1]
t. e. In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences [a] —which include death and separation from God —by Christ's death and resurrection, [1] and the justification entailed by this salvation. The idea of Jesus' death as an atonement for human sin was recorded ...
Christus Victor. Christus Victor is a book by Gustaf Aulén published in English in 1931, presenting a study of theories of atonement in Christianity. The original Swedish title is Den kristna försoningstanken ("The Christian Idea of the Atonement") published in 1930. [1] Aulén reinterpreted the classic ransom theory of atonement, which says ...
Horace Bushnell. Horace Bushnell (April 14, 1802 – February 17, 1876) was an American Congregational minister and theologian. He had a marked influence upon theology in America, and wrote various books on religion. He was also a graduate from Yale Divinity School.