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a bicuspid pulmonary valve, in 60%; right-sided aortic arch, in 25%; coronary artery anomalies, in 10%; a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect, in which case the syndrome is sometimes called a pentalogy of Fallot [46] an atrioventricular septal defect; partially or totally anomalous pulmonary venous return
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart.Some flow is a normal condition both pre-birth and immediately post-birth via the foramen ovale; however, when this does not naturally close after birth it is referred to as a patent (open) foramen ovale (PFO).
The left and right sides of the heart are named from a dorsal view, i.e., looking at the heart from the back or from the perspective of the person whose heart it is. There are four chambers in a heart: an atrium (upper) and a ventricle (lower) on both the left and right sides. [1] In mammals and birds, blood from the body goes to the right side ...
right heart pressure is higher than left heart pressure and/or the shunt has a one-way valvular opening. Small physiological, or "normal", shunts are seen due to the return of bronchial artery blood and coronary blood through the Thebesian veins , which are deoxygenated, to the left side of the heart.
These routes include moving through a patent foramen ovale (a congenital hole connecting the right and left atria of the heart), a ventricular septal defect (a congenital hole connecting the ventricles), or a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, where arteries in the lungs connect directly to veins without capillaries in between.
Lutembacher's syndrome is a very rare [1] form of congenital heart disease that affects one of the chambers of the heart (commonly the atria) as well as a valve (commonly the mitral valve). It is commonly known as both congenital atrial septal defect (ASD) and acquired mitral stenosis (MS) . [ 2 ]
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome – Defect in the development of the left heart such that it is hypoplastic (under developed). Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) – Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close on birth. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) – An atrial septal defect in that the foramen ovale fails to close at birth.
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.