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2. Key stretching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching

   Thus, a program that uses key stretching can use 65,000 rounds of hashes and delay the user for at most one second. Testing a trial password or passphrase typically requires one hash operation. But if key stretching was used, the attacker must compute a strengthened key for each key they test, meaning there are 65,000 hashes to compute per test.

3. Key derivation function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_derivation_function

   Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...

4. Salt (cryptography) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)

   The salt and hash are then stored in the database. To later test if a password a user enters is correct, the same process can be performed on it (appending that user's salt to the password and calculating the resultant hash): if the result does not match the stored hash, it could not have been the correct password that was entered.

5. ID Protection by AOL - Manage username, passwords & online ...

   www.aol.com/products/bundles/identity-protection

   ID Protection by AOL works around the clock to help guard your online reputation and secure your usernames, passwords and personal information; all for only $11.99/month, a much lower cost than ...

6. Pepper (cryptography) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(cryptography)

   Note that the National Institute of Standards and Technology refers to this value as a secret key rather than a pepper. A pepper is similar in concept to a salt or an encryption key. It is like a salt in that it is a randomized value that is added to a password hash, and it is similar to an encryption key in that it should be kept secret.

7. PBKDF2 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2

   The first iteration of PRF uses Password as the PRF key and Salt concatenated with i encoded as a big-endian 32-bit integer as the input. (Note that i is a 1-based index.) Subsequent iterations of PRF use Password as the PRF key and the output of the previous PRF computation as the input: F(Password, Salt, c, i) = U 1 ^ U 2 ^ ⋯ ^ U c. where: