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The kernel calls had advantages over hard-coded loops: the library routine would be more readable, there were fewer chances for bugs, and the kernel implementation could be optimized for speed. A specification for these kernel operations using scalars and vectors, the level-1 Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS), was published in 1979. [16]
In array languages, operations are generalized to apply to both scalars and arrays. Thus, a+b expresses the sum of two scalars if a and b are scalars, or the sum of two arrays if they are arrays. An array language simplifies programming but possibly at a cost known as the abstraction penalty.
Victor Pan is an expert in computational complexity and has developed a number of new algorithms.One of his notable early results is a proof that the number of multiplications in Horner's method is optimal.
Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.
The operation · is called scalar multiplication. Often the symbol · is omitted, but in this article we use it and reserve juxtaposition for multiplication in R. One may write R M to emphasize that M is a left R-module. A right R-module M R is defined similarly in terms of an operation · : M × R → M.
Hence () = (+ ()), i.e., the asymptotic complexity for multiplying matrices of size = using the Strassen algorithm is ([+ ()]) = ( + ()) (). The reduction in the number of arithmetic operations however comes at the price of a somewhat reduced numerical stability , [ 9 ] and the algorithm also requires significantly more memory compared to ...
Direct linear transformation (DLT) is an algorithm which solves a set of variables from a set of similarity relations: for =, …,. where and are known vectors, denotes equality up to an unknown scalar multiplication, and is a matrix (or linear transformation) which contains the unknowns to be solved.
A quaternion of the form a + 0 i + 0 j + 0 k, where a is a real number, is called scalar, and a quaternion of the form 0 + b i + c j + d k, where b, c, and d are real numbers, and at least one of b, c, or d is nonzero, is called a vector quaternion. If a + b i + c j + d k is any quaternion, then a is called its scalar part and b i + c j + d k ...