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Figure shows the variation of pressure and velocity of steam through the two pressure stages of an impulse turbine. The nozzle blades in each stage receive flow in the axial direction. Some designers employ pressure stages up to the last stage. This gives a turbine of shorter length as compared to the reaction type, with a penalty on efficiency.
From an energy exchange point of view axial compressors are reversed turbines. Steam-turbine designer Charles Algernon Parsons, for example, recognized that a turbine which produced work by virtue of a fluid's static pressure (i.e. a reaction turbine) could have its action reversed to act as an air compressor, calling it a turbo compressor or pump.
A similar single stage axial compressors can only increase the pressure by a factor of 1.2 but axial compressors have an advantage over centrifugal compressors because of their ability to have multiple stages. In the multi-staged compressors, the pressure is multiplied from row to row which can increase the pressure by a factor 40.
Transonic turbines operate at a higher pressure ratio than normal but are usually less efficient and uncommon. Contra-rotating turbines. With axial turbines, some efficiency advantage can be obtained if a downstream turbine rotates in the opposite direction to an upstream unit. However, the complication can be counter-productive.
It is a no-load condition in a gas turbine, turbocharger or industrial axial compressor but overload in an industrial centrifugal compressor. [29] Hiereth et al. [30] shows a turbocharger compressor full-load, or maximum fuelling, curve runs up close to the surge line. A gas turbine compressor full-load line also runs close to the surge line.
Because a turbine expands from high to low pressure, there is no such thing as turbine surge or stall. The turbine needs fewer stages than the compressor, mainly because the higher inlet temperature reduces the deltaT/T (and thereby the pressure ratio) of the expansion process. The blades have more curvature and the gas stream velocities are ...
Steam turbines - Steam turbines used in power generation come in many different variations. The overall principle is high pressure steam is forced over blades attached to a shaft, which turns a generator. As the steam travels through the turbine, it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin faster, creating more electricity.
In calculating three-dimensional losses, every element affecting a flow path is taken into account—such as axial spacing between vane and blade rows, end-wall curvature, radial distribution of pressure gradient, hup/tip ratio, dihedral, lean, tip clearance, flare, aspect ratio, skew, sweep, platform cooling holes, surface roughness, and off ...