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The genetic structure of H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (influenza A virus subtype H5N1), is characterized by a segmented RNA genome consisting of eight gene segments that encode for various viral proteins essential for replication, host adaptation, and immune evasion.
Avian influenza, also known as avian flu or bird flu, is a disease caused by the influenza A virus, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect mammals including humans. [1] Wild aquatic birds are the primary host of the influenza A virus, which is enzootic (continually present) in many bird populations.
The test for this is based solely on the effect on chickens - a virus strain is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) if 75% or more of chickens die after being deliberately infected with it, or if it is genetically similar to such a strain. The alternative classification is low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). [79]
In late 2023, H5N1 was discovered in the Antarctic for the first time, raising fears of imminent spread throughout the region, potentially leading to a "catastrophic breeding failure" among animals that had not previously been exposed to avian influenza viruses. [6] The main virus involved in the global outbreak is as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b ...
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes the disease avian influenza (often referred to as "bird flu"). It is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also panzootic (affecting animals of many species over a wide area). [ 1 ]
Influenza B virus is almost exclusively a human pathogen, and is less common than influenza A. The only other animal known to be susceptible to influenza B infection is the seal . [ 47 ] This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2–3 times lower than type A [ 48 ] and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one influenza B serotype ...
H5 N2 is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). The subtype infects a wide variety of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkeys, falcons, and ostriches. Affected birds usually do not appear ill, and the disease is often mild as avian influenza viral subtypes go.
In 1999 an H5 influenza A virus was isolated from a mallard in the Netherlands. [5] In 2008 An H5N9 virus was isolated from poultry in Aomori, Japan. [6] In December 2015 an H5N9 virus infected a flock of 500 ducks raised for fatty liver production experienced a 5% mortality in Arrosès, France. [7]