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The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) or carrier-envelope offset (CEO) phase is an important feature of an ultrashort laser pulse and gains significance with decreasing pulse duration, in a regime where the pulse consists of a few wavelengths. Physical effects depending on the carrier-envelope phase fall into the category of highly nonlinear optics.
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Each symbol is encoded as a different phase shift of the carrier sine wave: 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°. A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying . [ 1 ]
In Fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging, phasor can be used to visualize the spectra and decay curves. [1] [2] In this method the Fourier transformation of the spectrum or decay curve is calculated and the resulted complex number is plotted on a 2D plot where the X-axis represents the real component and the Y-axis represents the imaginary ...
[1] [5] The phasor representation of sinusoidal voltages and currents is generalized to arbitrary waveforms. [2] This mathematical transformation eliminates the 60 Hertz (Hz) carrier which is the only time-varying element in the stationary case. [3] The longer usage of time-varying phasors in large power systems since 1920s have created many ...
The two amplitude-modulated sinusoids are known as the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, which describes their relationships with the amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier. [ A ] [ 2 ] Or in other words, it is possible to create an arbitrarily phase-shifted sine wave, by mixing together two sine waves that are 90° out of phase in ...
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Carrierless amplitude phase modulation (CAP) is a variant of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Instead of modulating the amplitude of two carrier waves, CAP generates a QAM signal by combining two PAM signals filtered through two filters designed so that their impulse responses form a Hilbert pair.