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Every retailer sold e-liquid containing no nicotine. [58] 91% had free e-liquid samples. [58] 57% of those having free samples available merely had e-liquid without nicotine available. [58] Many vape shops began charging for samples, such as a $1 fee, that get around the US FDA rules of giving away free samples, based on anecdotal evidence. [58]
The mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes is called e-liquid. [33] E-liquid formulations vary widely. [ 27 ] [ 34 ] A typical e-liquid is composed of propylene glycol and glycerin (95%) and a combination of flavorings , nicotine , and other additives (5%).
A saturation dome uses the projection of a P–v–T diagram (pressure, specific volume, and temperature) onto the P–v plane. The points that create the left-hand side of the dome represent the saturated liquid states, while the points on the right-hand side represent the saturated vapor states (commonly referred to as the “dry” region).
The amount of nicotine stated on the labels of e-liquids can be very different from analyzed samples. [1] Some e-liquids sold as nicotine-free contained nicotine, and some of them were at substantial levels. [47] The analyzed liquids nicotine levels were between 14.8 and 87.2 mg/mL and the actual amount varied from the stated amount by as much ...
Containers for e-liquids (the liquid used in vape products) can seem tempting to children of all ages for many reasons. [18] For example, some e-liquids may have labeling or advertising that misleads youth into thinking the products are things they would eat or drink –like a juice box, piece of candy, or cookie. [18]
In thermodynamics, vapor quality is the mass fraction in a saturated mixture that is vapor; [1] in other words, saturated vapor has a "quality" of 100%, and saturated liquid has a "quality" of 0%. Vapor quality is an intensive property which can be used in conjunction with other independent intensive properties to specify the thermodynamic ...
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The commonly known phases solid, liquid and vapor are separated by phase boundaries, i.e. pressure–temperature combinations where two phases can coexist. At the triple point, all three phases can coexist. However, the liquid–vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature T c and critical pressure p c. This is the ...