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Chemically pure (undoped) window glass and clean river or spring water are prime examples of this. Materials that do not allow the transmission of any light wave frequencies are called opaque. Such substances may have a chemical composition which includes what are referred to as absorption centers. Most materials are composed of materials that ...
In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is a different material, in its own separate phase. (See state of matter § Glass.) More precisely, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system ...
On Earth, most ice is found in the hexagonal Ice I h phase. Less common phases may be found in the atmosphere and underground due to more extreme pressures and temperatures. Some phases are manufactured by humans for nano scale uses due to their properties. In space, amorphous ice is the most common form as confirmed by observation.
Because of that, amorphous materials have a characteristic threshold temperature termed glass transition temperature (T g): below T g amorphous materials are glassy whereas above T g they are molten. The most common applications are in the making of pottery , glass, and some types of food, but there are many others, such as the vitrification of ...
A glass building facade. Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid.Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics.
In a birefringent material, a wave consists of two polarization components which generally are governed by different effective refractive indices. The so-called slow ray is the component for which the material has the higher effective refractive index (slower phase velocity), while the fast ray is the one with a lower effective refractive index ...
Amorphous materials in soil strongly influence bulk density, aggregate stability, plasticity, and water holding capacity of soils. The low bulk density and high void ratios are mostly due to glass shards and other porous minerals not becoming compacted. Andisol soils contain the highest amounts of amorphous materials. [32]
Other materials, such as many polymers, lack a well defined crystalline state and easily form glasses, even upon very slow cooling or compression. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass forming ability. This ability depends on the composition of the material and can be predicted by the rigidity theory. [12]