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G. biloba in Tournai, Belgium. Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66–115 ft), [10] with some specimens in China being over 50 m (165 ft). ). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep-rooted and resistant to wind and snow dam
Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis. [83] The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes. Glycyrrhiza glabra: Licorice root: Purported uses include stomach ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat. [84]
The ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is a living fossil, with fossils similar to the modern plant dating back to the Permian, 270 million years ago. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads, [4] which share with the extant G. biloba the characteristic of motile sperm.
medicinal use is heavily disputed: Kokam: Garcinia indica: Clusiaceae: tree culinary fruit peel also used to make beverages, and as an oilseed: Wood avens: Geum urbanum: Rosaceae: perennial herb culinary, medicinal root Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba: Ginkgoaceae: tree medicinal leaves seeds also eaten: Ground-ivy: Glechoma hederacea: Lamiaceae ...
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[4] [5] It has been long used for a wide range of medicinal purposes. For instance, in Japan and China, Ginkgo biloba is used to treat cough, bronchial asthma, irritable bladder and alcohol use disorder. [6] Ginkgotoxin is found in the seeds and, in lesser amounts, in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The seeds can be consumed as is and the leaves ...
Ginkgolide B, specifically, is a diterpenoid trilactone with six five-membered rings. It contains a spiro[4,4]-nonane carbocyclic ring, a tetrahydrofuran ring, and a very specific tert-butyl group at one of the rings (Figure 1).
Bilobalide is important for producing several of the effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts, and it has neuroprotective effects, [3] [4] as well as inducing the liver enzymes CYP3A1 and CYP1A2, [5] which may be partially responsible for interactions between ginkgo and other herbal medicines or pharmaceutical drugs.