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Word2vec was developed by Tomáš Mikolov and colleagues at Google and published in 2013. Word2vec represents a word as a high-dimension vector of numbers which capture relationships between words. In particular, words which appear in similar contexts are mapped to vectors which are nearby as measured by cosine similarity .
In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis.Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. [1]
Mikolov obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Brno University of Technology for his work on recurrent neural network-based language models. [1] [2] He is the lead author of the 2013 paper that introduced the Word2vec technique in natural language processing [3] and is an author on the FastText architecture.
Distributional semantics [1] is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data.
A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation.LLMs are language models with many parameters, and are trained with self-supervised learning on a vast amount of text.
In language modelling, ELMo (2018) was a bi-directional LSTM that produces contextualized word embeddings, improving upon the line of research from bag of words and word2vec. It was followed by BERT (2018), an encoder-only Transformer model. [33] In 2019 October, Google started using BERT to process search queries. [34]