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Tachypnea, also spelt tachypnoea, is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in abnormally rapid and shallow breathing. [1]In adult humans at rest, any respiratory rate of 12–20 per minute is considered clinically normal, with tachypnea being any rate above that. [2]
It may present with loss of end-tidal carbon dioxide (for mechanically ventilated patients), chest or neck retractions and paradoxical chest wall movements. [ 3 ] The condition typically lasts less than 60 seconds, but in cases of partial blocking it may last 20 to 30 minutes and hinder inspiration , while exhalation remains easier.
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (or other combinations with airway or hyperreactivity, BH used as a general abbreviation) [1] is a state characterised by easily triggered bronchospasm (contraction of the bronchioles or small airways).
Bronchospasms can occur for a number of reasons. Lower respiratory tract conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and emphysema can result in contraction of the airways. Other causes are side effects of topical decongestants such as oxymetazoline and phenylephrine. Both of these medications activate alpha-1 ...
mild tachypnea or increased breathing; Some signs of severe disease include: [11] increased work of breathing (such as use of accessory muscles of respiration, rib & sternal retraction, tracheal tug) severe chest wall recession (Hoover's sign) presence of nasal flaring and/or grunting; severe tachypnea or increased breathing; hypoxia (low ...
Regardless of cause, UIP is relentlessly progressive, usually leading to respiratory failure and death without a lung transplant. [ citation needed ] Some patients do well for a prolonged period of time, but then deteriorate rapidly because of a superimposed acute illness (so-called "accelerated UIP").
Restrictive lung diseases are a category of extrapulmonary, pleural, or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, [2] resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity.
Respiratory bronchiolitis is a lung disease associated with tobacco smoking. [1] In pathology, it is defined by the presence of " smoker's macrophages ". [ 1 ] When manifesting significant clinical symptoms it is referred to as respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).