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Fetal death, fetal demise [1] Ultrasound is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk. Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, neonatology, pediatrics, Symptoms: Fetal death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of pregnancy [1] [2]: Overview tab Causes: Often unknown, pregnancy complications [1] [3] Risk factors
Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast. Fetal-maternal haemorrhage occurs when this membrane ceases to function as a barrier and ...
Among women who know they are pregnant, the miscarriage rate is roughly 10% to 20%, while rates among all fertilisation is around 30% to 50%. [1] [7] In those under the age of 35, the risk is about 10% while in those over the age of 40, the risk is about 45%. [1] Risk begins to increase around the age of 30. [7]
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Women with PROM at any age are at high risk of infection because the membranes are open and allow bacteria to enter. Women are checked often (usually every 4 hours) for signs of infection: fever (more than 38 °C or 100.5 °F), uterine pain, maternal tachycardia, fetal tachycardia, or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. [10]
Intrauterine hypoxia can be attributed to maternal, placental, or fetal conditions. [12] Kingdom and Kaufmann classifies three categories for the origin of fetal hypoxia: 1) pre-placental (both mother and fetus are hypoxic), 2) utero-placental (mother is normal but placenta and fetus is hypoxic), 3) post-placental (only fetus is hypoxic).
A vanishing twin, also known as twin resorption, is a fetus in a multigestation pregnancy that dies in utero and is then partially or completely reabsorbed. [1] [2] In some instances, the dead twin is compressed into a flattened, parchment-like state known as fetus papyraceus.
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. [9] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death.