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In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis and treatment. Tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed by P. Descombey in 1924, and was widely used to prevent tetanus induced by battle wounds during World War II. [1]
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin, is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin. [1] It is used to prevent tetanus in those who have a wound that is at high risk, have not been fully vaccinated with tetanus toxoid , or have HIV/AIDS .
Sutures may be used to close wounds. A dressing can be placed over wounds to keep them clean and to facilitate healing, and antibiotics may be used in cases where infection is likely. [13] People with contaminated wounds who have not been immunized against tetanus within five years may be given a tetanus vaccination. [3]
The function of tetanolysin is unclear, although it may help C. tetani to establish infection within a wound. [6] [1] Tetanospasmin ("tetanus toxin") is a potent toxin with an estimated lethal dose less than 2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight, and is responsible for the symptoms of tetanus.
In such cases, it can be given with or without tetanus immunoglobulin (also called tetanus antibodies or tetanus antitoxin [10]). It can be given as intravenous therapy or by intramuscular injection. [citation needed] The guidelines for such events in the United States for non-pregnant people 11 years and older are as follows: [11]
It may also be administered as prophylaxis for wound management. [87] Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) after previously receiving a vaccine containing any form of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, or pertussis-containing antigen. Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) to any ingredient within a previously administered Boostrix vaccine.
Tetanus antiserum was developed in 1890, with its protective effects lasting a few weeks. [9] [10] The tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed in 1924, and came into common use for soldiers in World War II. [2] [11] Its use resulted in a 95% decrease in the rate of tetanus. [2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [12]
These symptoms and signs usually occur 4–12 hours after vaccination. ACIP has recommended that persons who experienced an Arthus reaction after a dose of tetanus toxoid–containing vaccine should not receive Td more frequently than every 10 years, even for tetanus prophylaxis as part of wound management.