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The Autism – Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities Inventory (A–TAC) is a psychological measure used to screen for other conditions occurring with tics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Along with tic disorders , it screens for autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other conditions with onset in childhood. [ 1 ]
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management options are evidence-based practices with established treatment efficacy for ADHD.Approaches that have been evaluated in the management of ADHD symptoms include FDA-approved pharmacologic treatment and other pharmaceutical agents, psychological or behavioral approaches, combined pharmacological and behavioral approaches, cognitive training ...
One research study showed that children who carry a certain gene associated with ADHD had a thinner layer of tissue in the areas of the brain associated with attention. As the children grew older, the brain tissue thickened and their ADHD symptoms improved. Environmental factors, such as the mother smoking or drinking during pregnancy is ...
The presence of ADHD is associated with functional impairment, disruptive behavior, and tic severity. [25] Strategies to help the child at school can be established; these include allowing the child to chew gum to help reduce vocal tics, to use a laptop instead of writing by hand, and to take breaks from the classroom when tics are high.
Symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person with the disorder.
Compulsions associated with OCD without tics are usually related to obsessions and anxiety, while those in tic-related OCD are more likely to be a response to a premonitory urge. [14] [58] There are increased rates of anxiety and depression in those adults with TS who also have OCD. [47]
Children may be less aware of the premonitory urge associated with tics than are adults, but their awareness tends to increase with maturity. [12] Complex tics are rarely seen in the absence of simple tics. Tics "may be challenging to differentiate from compulsions", [22] as in the case of klazomania (compulsive shouting).
In children, ADHD occurs with other disorders about two-thirds of the time. [66] Other neurodevelopmental conditions are common comorbidities. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), co-occurring at a rate of 21% in those with ADHD, affects social skills, ability to communicate, behaviour, and interests.