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Most file systems include attributes of files and directories that control the ability of users to read, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system. In some cases, menu options or functions may be made visible or hidden depending on a user's permission level; this kind of user interface is referred to as permission-driven.
Changes file ownership chmod: Changes the permissions of a file or directory cp: Copies a file or directory dd: Copies and converts a file df: Shows disk free space on file systems dir: Is exactly like "ls -C -b". (Files are by default listed in columns and sorted vertically.) dircolors: Set up color for ls: install: Copies files and set ...
The possible search criteria include a pattern to match against the filename or a time range to match against the modification time or access time of the file. By default, find returns a list of all files below the current working directory, although users can limit the search to any desired maximum number of levels under the starting directory.
A place for files that might change frequently - especially in size, for example e-mail sent to users on the system, or process-ID lock files. /var/log: Contains system log files. /var/mail: The place where all incoming mail is stored. Users (other than root) can access their own mail only. Often, this directory is a symbolic link to /var/spool ...
Some of these directories only exist in a particular system if certain subsystems, such as the X Window System, are installed. Most of these directories exist in all Unix-like operating systems and are generally used in much the same way; however, the descriptions here are those used specifically for the FHS and are not considered authoritative ...
Inodes do not contain their hard link names, only other file metadata. Unix directories are lists of association structures, each of which contains one filename and one inode number. The file system driver must search a directory for a particular filename and then convert the filename to the correct corresponding inode number.
For directories, when a directory's sticky bit is set, the filesystem treats the files in such directories in a special way so only the file's owner, the directory's owner, or root user can rename or delete the file. Without the sticky bit set, any user with write and execute permissions for the directory can rename or delete contained files ...
LIST RFC 959 Returns information of a file or directory if specified, else information of the current working directory is returned. LPRT RFC 1639 Specifies a long address and port to which the server should connect. LPSV RFC 1639 Enter long passive mode. MDTM RFC 3659 Return the last-modified time of a specified file. MFCT