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The chain-ladder or development [1] method is a prominent [2] [3] actuarial loss reserving technique. The chain-ladder method is used in both the property and casualty [1] [4] and health insurance [5] fields. Its intent is to estimate incurred but not reported claims and project ultimate loss amounts. [5]
The triangular pattern is very efficient because it retains rigidity while saving material and therefore weight. [citation needed] The term isogrid is used because the structure acts like an isotropic material, with equal properties measured in any direction, and grid, referring to the sheet and stiffeners structure. [citation needed]
Euler's Tonnetz. The Tonnetz originally appeared in Leonhard Euler's 1739 Tentamen novae theoriae musicae ex certissismis harmoniae principiis dilucide expositae.Euler's Tonnetz, pictured at left, shows the triadic relationships of the perfect fifth and the major third: at the top of the image is the note F, and to the left underneath is C (a perfect fifth above F), and to the right is A (a ...
In object-oriented programming, the template method is one of the behavioral design patterns identified by Gamma et al. [1] in the book Design Patterns.The template method is a method in a superclass, usually an abstract superclass, and defines the skeleton of an operation in terms of a number of high-level steps.
By connecting all vectors using a Delaunay triangulation criterion it is possible to characterize gradient asymmetries computing the so-called gradient asymmetry coefficient, that has been defined as: =, where > is the total number of asymmetric vectors, is the number of Delaunay connections among them and the property > is valid for any gradient square lattice.
We can also define the number of triangles that vertex is involved in as () and, as each triangle is counted three times, we can express the number of triangles in G as () = (). Assuming that triadic closure holds, only two strong edges are required for a triple to form.
Chapter 2 establishes the mathematical tools required to perform the symmetry analysis of patterns. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of color symmetry, for two-colored and multicolored patterns. Chapters 4 and 5 describe the one-dimensional (frieze) designs and the two-dimensional (plane) designs respectively; flow charts are used to help the ...
Bruceton analysis has an advantage over the modern techniques being very simple to implement and analyze - as it was designed to be performed without a computer. The modern techniques offer a great improvement in efficiency, needing a much smaller sample size to obtain any desired significance level.