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  2. Thin-layer chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer_chromatography

    Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures. [ 1 ] It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. [ 2 ]

  3. High-performance thin-layer chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_thin...

    Around 90% of all pharmaceutical separations are performed on normal phase silica gel; however, other stationary phases such as alumina can be used for samples with dissociating compounds and cellulose for ionic compounds. [4] The reverse-phase HPTLC method (similar methodology to reverse-phase TLC) is used for compounds with high polarity.

  4. List of unsolved problems in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team. [16]

  5. Indian Certificate of Secondary Education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of...

    The ICSE Examination is a school examination and the standard of the examination pre-supposes a school course of ten years duration (Classes I-X). The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination will ensure a general education and all candidates are required to enter for six or more subjects and Socially Useful Productive Work (SUPW).

  6. Forensic chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_chemistry

    Forensic chemistry positions require a bachelor's degree or similar in a natural or physical science, as well as laboratory experience in general, organic, and analytical chemistry. Once in the position, individuals are trained in protocols performed at that specific lab until they are proven competent to perform all experiments without ...

  7. Paper chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_chromatography

    It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This analytic method has three components, a mobile phase, stationary phase and a support medium. The mobile phase is a solution that travels up the stationary phase by capillary action ...

  8. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    Refining is used primarily in the petroleum industry, whereby crude oil is heated and separated into stages according to the condensation points of the various elements. Distillation, widely used in petroleum refining and in purification of ethanol separates volatile liquids on the basis of their relative volatilities. There are several type of ...

  9. Dragendorff's reagent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragendorff's_reagent

    Dragendorff's reagent is prepared by mixing a concentrated solution of potassium iodide with a solution of bismuth subnitrate in a diluted acid (acetic acid or tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is rarely being used) as a low pH is mandatory for this reagent. [2] The formation is as follows:

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