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In Python, the pandas library offers the Series.clip [1] and DataFrame.clip [2] methods. The NumPy library offers the clip [3] function. In the Wolfram Language, it is implemented as Clip [x, {minimum, maximum}]. [4] In OpenGL, the glClearColor function takes four GLfloat values which are then 'clamped' to the range [,]. [5]
By default, a Pandas index is a series of integers ascending from 0, similar to the indices of Python arrays. However, indices can use any NumPy data type, including floating point, timestamps, or strings. [4]: 112 Pandas' syntax for mapping index values to relevant data is the same syntax Python uses to map dictionary keys to values.
Note that winsorizing is not equivalent to simply excluding data, which is a simpler procedure, called trimming or truncation, but is a method of censoring data.. In a trimmed estimator, the extreme values are discarded; in a winsorized estimator, the extreme values are instead replaced by certain percentiles (the trimmed minimum and maximum).
Pandas – High-performance computing (HPC) data structures and data analysis tools for Python in Python and Cython (statsmodels, scikit-learn) Perl Data Language – Scientific computing with Perl; Ploticus – software for generating a variety of graphs from raw data; PSPP – A free software alternative to IBM SPSS Statistics
Feature standardization makes the values of each feature in the data have zero-mean (when subtracting the mean in the numerator) and unit-variance. This method is widely used for normalization in many machine learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines , logistic regression , and artificial neural networks ).
APL allows setting the index origin to 0 or 1 during runtime programmatically. [9] [10] Some recent languages, such as Lua and Visual Basic, have adopted the same convention for the same reason. Zero is the lowest unsigned integer value, one of the most fundamental types in programming and hardware design.
NumPy (pronounced / ˈ n ʌ m p aɪ / NUM-py) is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. [3]
where the antecedent is the input variable that we can control, and the consequent is the variable we are trying to predict. Real mining problems would typically have more complex antecedents, but usually focus on single-value consequents. Most mining algorithms would determine the following rules (targeting models): Rule 1: A implies 0