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Carbamate poisoning is poisoning due to exposure to carbamates, which are commonly sold as pesticides around the world. In most respects, it is similar to organophosphate poisoning , though typically less severe or requiring a larger amount of the chemical before symptoms appear.
[1] [2] The reaction has been variously termed a disulfiram-like reaction, alcohol intolerance, and acetaldehyde syndrome. [ 3 ] The prototypical drug of this group is disulfiram (brand name Antabuse), which acts as an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor , preventing the metabolism of acetaldehyde into acetic acid , and is used in the ...
Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (specifically the ALDH2 enzyme [3]), causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption.
Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure ...
This form of pesticide use may contribute to the third type of poisoning, which is caused by long-term low-level exposure. [21] As mentioned before, long-term low-level exposure affects individuals from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants ...
Physostigmine is the antidote of choice for Datura stramonium poisoning. It is also an antidote for Atropa belladonna poisoning, the same as for atropine . [ 3 ] It has also been used as an antidote for poisoning with GHB , [ 4 ] but is poorly effective and often causes additional toxicity, so is not a recommended treatment. [ 5 ]
The most obvious symptom of alcohol flush reaction is flushing on a person's face and body after drinking alcohol. [4] Other effects include "nausea, headache and general physical discomfort". [9] People affected by this condition show greater reduction in psychomotor functions on alcohol consumption than those without. [10]
Alcohol-related brain damage can have drastic effects on the individuals affected and their loved ones. The options for treatment are very limited compared to other disorders. Although limited, most patients with alcohol-related cognitive deficits experienced slight improvement of their symptoms over the first two to three months of treatment. [8]