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U.S. Army Public Health Center Toxicology Lab technician assessing samples. Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is the process of determining the degree to which a substance of interest negatively impacts the normal biological functions of an organism, given a certain exposure duration, route of exposure, and substance concentration.
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in ...
While microdosing produces important information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology. [4] Furthermore, it was observed by the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments that despite the use of microdosing, "animal studies will still be required". [5]
Experiments involving non-human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition; reproduction; genetics; and xenotransplantation. Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States, and around 7,000 ...
Animals or cell cultures may be put under a number of levels of a suspected toxin to ascertain whether the substance causes harmful changes and at what level it does so. The LD 50 value, a common measure of acute toxicity, describes the dose at which a substance is lethal to 50% of tested animals.
Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study 414: Prenatal Development Toxicity Study 415: One-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study 416: Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity 417: Toxicokinetics 418: Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure 419: Delayed ...
Folio from the Kalpasthāna (Dundhubhisvanīya chapter), from a manuscript of the Śuśrutasaṃhitā, Nepal, 878 CE.. The earliest treatise dedicated to the general study of plant and animal poisons, including their classification, recognition, and the treatment of their effects is the Kalpasthāna, one of the major sections of the Suśrutasaṃhitā, a Sanskrit work composed before ca. 300 ...
A well designed toxicokinetic study may involve several different strategies and depends on the scientific question to be answered. Controlled acute and repeated toxicokinetic animal studies are useful to identify a chemical's biological persistence, tissue and whole body half-life, and its potential to bioaccumulate. Toxicokinetic profiles can ...