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It is not known exactly when the inflationary epoch ended, but it is thought to have been between 10 −33 and 10 −32 seconds after the Big Bang. The rapid expansion of space meant that elementary particles remaining from the grand unification epoch were now distributed very thinly across the universe. However, the huge potential energy of ...
In physical cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. [1]
This places it between about 10 −43 seconds after the Big Bang and 10 −35 seconds, when the temperature of the universe was comparable to the characteristic temperatures of grand unified theories. However, these theories have not been successful producing quantitative agreement with the results of modern astrophysical observations. [1] [2]
The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive, but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate. [1]
Some cosmologists place the electroweak epoch at the start of the inflationary epoch, approximately 10 −36 seconds after the Big Bang. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Others place it at approximately 10 −32 seconds after the Big Bang, when the potential energy of the inflaton field that had driven the inflation of the universe during the inflationary epoch was ...
A visual representation of the division order of universal forces. In physical cosmology, the quark epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quarks to bind together ...
Vacuum state is a configuration of quantum fields representing a local minimum (but not necessarily a global minimum) of energy. Inflationary models propose that at approximately 10 −36 seconds after the Big Bang, vacuum state of the Universe was different from the one seen at the present time: the inflationary vacuum had a much higher energy density.
Approximately 10 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe had fallen to the point where electron-positron pairs were gradually annihilated. [2] A small residue of electrons needed to charge-neutralize the Universe [ clarification needed ] remained along with free streaming neutrinos: an important aspect of this epoch is the ...