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In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]
Relationship of presenting part to maternal pelvis based on presentation. The fetus enters the pelvis in the occipito-transverse plane (left or right), descent, and flexion and then rotates 90 degrees to the occipitoanterior (most commonly). Cephalic presentation. Vertex presentation with longitudinal lie: [1]
In obstetrics, Leopold maneuvers are a common and systematic way to determine the position of a fetus inside the woman's uterus. They are named after the gynecologist Christian Gerhard Leopold. They are also used to estimate term fetal weight. [1] The maneuvers consist of four distinct actions, each helping to determine the position of the fetus.
In obstetrics, position is the orientation of the fetus in the womb, identified by the location of the presenting part of the fetus relative to the pelvis of the mother. . Conventionally, it is the position assumed by the fetus before the process of birth, as the fetus assumes various positions and postures during the course of chil
Shoulder presentations are uncommon (about 0.5% of births) [1] since, usually, toward the end of gestation, either the head or the buttocks start to enter the upper part of the pelvis, anchoring the fetus in a longitudinal lie. It is not known in all cases of shoulder presentation why the longitudinal line is not reached, but possible causes ...
External cephalic version (ECV) is a process by which a breech baby can sometimes be turned from buttocks or foot first to head first. It is a manual procedure that is recommended by national guidelines for breech presentation of a pregnancy with a single baby, in order to enable vaginal delivery .
In obstetrics, asynclitic birth, or asynclitism, refers to the malposition of the fetal head in the uterus relative to the birth canal. [1] Many babies enter the pelvis in an asynclitic presentation, but in most cases, the issue is corrected during labor. [2] Asynclitic presentation is not the same as shoulder presentation, where the shoulder ...
With regard to the fetal presentation during pregnancy, three periods have been distinguished. [5]During the first period, which lasts until the 24th gestational week, the incidence of a longitudinal lie increases, with equal proportions of breech or cephalic presentations from this lie.