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Industrial Structure, Union Strategy and Strike Activity in Bituminous Coal Mining, 1881 - 1894 Social Science History 26 (2002): 1 - 32. Roy, Andrew. A history of the coal miners of the United States, from the development of the mines to the close of the anthracite strike of 1902, including a brief sketch of early British miners (1907) online
Miners were often paid in "coal scrip", paper notes issued by mining companies that could only be redeemed at company-owned stores in company towns. [3] Mining is a dangerous profession overall, but between 1890 and 1912, West Virginia mines had the highest miner death rates in the country.
The Battle of Blair Mountain was the largest labor uprising in United States history and is the largest armed uprising since the American Civil War. [5] [6] The conflict occurred in Logan County, West Virginia, as part of the Coal Wars, a series of early-20th-century labor disputes in Appalachia.
The Coal Wars were the result of economic exploitation of workers during a period of social transformation in the coalfields. Beginning in 1870–1880, coal operators had established the company town system. [2] Coal operators paid private detectives as well as public law enforcement agents to ensure that union organizers were kept out of the ...
The Federal Coal Commission was also formed as part of the agreement. [11] After ratification, mining resumed on September 11. The general coal strike lasted 163 days. [4] However non-unionized mining workers were not covered by the UMW contract. After the UMW ended their strike, around 25,000 Windber, Pennsylvania miners [12] continued ...
The History of coal mining goes back thousands of years, with early mines documented in ancient China, the Roman Empire and other early historical economies. It became important in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity.
Bevin Boys receiving training from an experienced miner at Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, February 1945. Bevin Boys were young British men conscripted to work in coal mines between December 1943 and March 1948, [1] to increase the rate of coal production, which had declined through the early years of World War II. [2]
A statue of a miner at the now-closed coal mine. The 1942 Betteshanger Miners' Strike took place in January 1942 at the Betteshanger colliery in Kent, England. The strike had its origins in a switch to a new coalface, No. 2. This face was much narrower and harder to work than the previous face and outputs were reduced.