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The tree ferns are arborescent (tree-like) ferns that grow with a trunk elevating the fronds above ground level, making them trees. Many extant tree ferns are members of the order Cyatheales , to which belong the families Cyatheaceae (scaly tree ferns), Dicksoniaceae , Metaxyaceae , and Cibotiaceae .
Cyatheaceae are leptosporangiate ferns, the most familiar group of monilophytes. [3] The Cyatheaceae usually have a single, erect or creeping rhizome (stem). Their fronds (leaves) are also very large, although not as large as the tree ferns of the Marattiaceae. Some species have fronds reaching 3–4 m in length, and have a final crown width of ...
The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-pinnated, but at least one type has entire (undivided) fronds. The fronds of tree ferns also exhibit circinate vernation, meaning the young fronds emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow. Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow ...
Fern stems are often loosely called rhizomes, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping stolons (e.g., Polypodiaceae), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g., Cyatheaceae, the scaly tree ferns).
The fern grows on damp, sheltered woodland slopes and moist gullies, and they occasionally occur at high altitudes in cloud forests. Dicksonia antarctica is the most abundant tree fern in South Eastern Australia. The plant can grow in acid, neutral and alkaline soils. It can grow in semi-shade.
Cibotium menziesii, the hāpuʻu ʻiʻi or Hawaiian tree fern, [2] is a species of tree fern that is endemic to the islands of Hawaiʻi. It is named after the Scottish naturalist Archibald Menzies . It is also known as the male tree fern , and Cibotium glaucum is deemed the female tree fern due to differences in color.
Alsophila dregei, synonym Cyathea dregei, [2] (common tree fern or gewone boomvaring in Afrikaans) is a widespread species of tree fern in southern Africa. [ 3 ] Within South Africa , it co-occurs with the indigenous forest tree fern ( Gymnosphaera capensis ) and the invasive Sphaeropteris cooperi from Australia .
Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales. The genus name Cyathea is derived from the Greek kyatheion , meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds.