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The stereochemical structure of a cyclic monosaccharide can be represented in a Haworth projection. In this diagram, the α-isomer for the pyranose form of a D -aldohexose has the −OH of the anomeric carbon below the plane of the carbon atoms, while the β-isomer has the −OH of the anomeric carbon above the plane.
Haworth projection of the structures for α-D-glucopyranose and α-L-glucopyranose. In chemistry, a Haworth projection is a common way of writing a structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective.
In chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. [1] [2] The chemical formula for all hexoses is C 6 H 12 O 6, and their molecular weight is 180.156 g/mol. [3] Hexoses exist in two forms, open-chain or cyclic, that easily convert into each other in aqueous solutions. [4]
All monosaccharide ketoses are reducing sugars, because they can tautomerize into aldoses via an enediol intermediate, and the resulting aldehyde group can be oxidised, for example in the Tollens' test or Benedict's test. [3] Ketoses that are bound into glycosides, for example in the case of the fructose moiety of sucrose, are nonreducing ...
As shown by the relative structure energies in the diagram above, the chair structures are the most stable carbohydrate form. This relatively defined and stable conformation means that the hydrogen atoms of the pyranose ring are held at relatively constant angles to one another.
An oligosaccharide has both a reducing and a non-reducing end. The reducing end of an oligosaccharide is the monosaccharide residue with hemiacetal functionality, thereby capable of reducing the Tollens’ reagent, while the non-reducing end is the monosaccharide residue in acetal form, thus incapable of reducing the Tollens’ reagent. [2]
Fischer projection of D-glyceraldehyde. Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general chemical formula C n (H 2 O) n.Because formaldehyde (n=1) and glycolaldehyde (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates, [1] the simplest possible aldose is the triose glyceraldehyde, which only contains three carbon atoms.
In chemistry, a pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms. [1] The chemical formula of many pentoses is C 5 H 10 O 5, and their molecular weight is 150.13 g/mol. [2] Pentoses are very important in biochemistry. Ribose is a constituent of RNA, and the related molecule, deoxyribose, is a constituent of DNA.