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In cognitive science and behavioral economics, loss aversion refers to a cognitive bias in which the same situation is perceived as worse if it is framed as a loss, rather than a gain. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It should not be confused with risk aversion , which describes the rational behavior of valuing an uncertain outcome at less than its expected value .
A good example of this is a study showed that when making food choices for the coming week, 74% of participants chose fruit, whereas when the food choice was for the current day, 70% chose chocolate. Insensitivity to sample size, the tendency to under-expect variation in small samples.
Zero-sum thinking perceives situations as zero-sum games, where one person's gain would be another's loss. [1] [2] [3] The term is derived from game theory. However, unlike the game theory concept, zero-sum thinking refers to a psychological construct—a person's subjective interpretation of a situation. Zero-sum thinking is captured by the ...
For example, if the number of new airlines departing from and arriving at the airport is the same, the economic contribution to the host city may be a zero-sum game. Because for Hong Kong, the consumption of overseas tourists in Hong Kong is income, while the consumption of Hong Kong residents in opposite cities is outflow.
The reflection effect is an identified pattern of opposite preferences between negative as opposed to positive prospects: people tend to avoid risk when the gamble is between gains, and to seek risks when the gamble is between losses. [18] For example, most people prefer a certain gain of 3,000 to an 80% chance of a gain of 4,000.
A loss leader is usually a product that customers purchase frequently—thus they are aware that its unusually low price is a bargain. Loss leaders are often scarce or provided with limits (e.g., maximum 10 bottles) to discourage stockpiling and to limit purchases by small businesses. The seller must use loss leaders regularly if they expect ...
The White House said the president wants to end a carried interest tax break prized by Wall Street hedge funds and private equity firms.
In this example, the monopoly producer charges $0.60 per nail, thus excluding every customer from the market with a marginal benefit less than $0.60. The deadweight loss due to monopoly pricing would then be the economic benefit foregone by customers with a marginal benefit of between $0.10 and $0.60 per nail.