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The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are either rod-shaped (), or spherical (), and are characterized by an increased tolerance to acidity (low pH range).This aspect helps LAB to outcompete other bacteria in a natural fermentation, as they can withstand the increased acidity from organic acid production (e.g., lactic acid).
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) already exists as part of the natural flora in most vegetables. Lettuce and cabbage were examined to determine the types of lactic acid bacteria that exist in the leaves. Different types of LAB will produce different types of silage fermentation, which is the fermentation of the leafy foliage. [19]
Leuconostoc lactis is a Gram-positive, non-motile, lactic acid bacterium that thrive best in acidic conditions and moderate temperatures. [2] [1] L. lactis is capable of acidifying culture media through lactose fermentation to pH levels of 4.0-4.1, and milk to levels below 5.4. [4]
Lactic acid bacteria, like Lactococcus and Lb. casei species, play a major role in the fermentation of tempeh. [10] For the tempeh to ferment, there needs to be a suitable, pure inoculum. Also needed are spores that germinate quickly. [9]
The capability to produce lactic acid is one of the reasons why L. lactis is one of the most important microorganisms in the dairy industry. [5] Based on its history in food fermentation, L. lactis has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, [6] [7] with few case reports of it being an opportunistic pathogen. [8] [9] [10]
Fermentation by lactobacilli is introduced naturally, as these air-borne bacteria culture on raw cabbage leaves where they grow. Yeasts also are present, and may yield soft sauerkraut of poor flavor when the fermentation temperature is too high. The fermentation process has three phases, collectively sometimes referred to as population dynamics.
Microbial food cultures are live bacteria, yeasts or moulds used in food production. Microbial food cultures carry out the fermentation process in foodstuffs. Used by humans since the Neolithic period (around 10 000 years BC) [1] fermentation helps to preserve perishable foods and to improve their nutritional and organoleptic qualities (in this case, taste, sight, smell, touch).
The Lactobacillaceae are a family of lactic acid bacteria. [3] It is the only family in the lactic acid bacteria which includes homofermentative and heterofermentative organisms; [4] in the Lactobacillaceae, the pathway used for hexose fermentation is a genus-specific trait.