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The Silk Road [a] was a network of Asian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. [1] Spanning over 6,400 km (4,000 mi), it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds.
The city of Bukhara, now the capital of the Bukhara Region of Uzbekistan, is located on the Silk Road and has long been a centre of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. During the Golden age of Islam , under the rule of Samanids , Bukhara became the intellectual centre of the Islamic world .
This is mostly about the (perceived) economic downsides of Islamic law and its (alleged) historical impact; Review in The Independent; M. A. Cook, ed. (1970). Studies in the economic history of the Middle East: from the rise of Islam to the present day. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-19-713561-7.
The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). During his reign, Admiral Zheng He led a gigantic maritime tributary fleet abroad on the seven treasure voyages.. In premodern times, the theory of foreign relations of China held that the Chinese Empire was the Celestial Dynasty, the center of world civilization, with the Emperor of China being the leader of the civilized world.
Situated at altitudes of 2,000–2,200 m (6,600–7,200 ft), the city was a center of iron mining and production, through which it was connected to the Silk Road trading networks. Tugunbulak's remains occupy an area of approximately 120 ha (300 acres), making it medieval Central Asia's largest known high-altitude urban center. [1]
A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c. 1285). [1]During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was an important contributor to the global cultural scene, innovating and supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant.
The Palmyrene route connected the Silk Road with the Mediterranean, [469] and was used almost exclusively by the city's merchants, [18] who maintained a presence in many cities, including Dura-Europos in 33 BC, [221] Babylon by AD 19, Seleucia by AD 24, [215] Dendera, Coptos, [470] Bahrain, the Indus River Delta, Merv and Rome. [471]
T. Lewicki, "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South", in: UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3, University of California Press, 1994, ISBN 92-3-601709-6; Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (translated from the French) Antiquity and Middle Ages