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Graphene doped with various gaseous species (both acceptors and donors) can be returned to an undoped state by gentle heating in vacuum. [22] [24] Even for dopant concentrations in excess of 10 12 cm −2 carrier mobility exhibits no observable change. [24] Graphene doped with potassium in ultra-high vacuum at low temperature can reduce ...
In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential of electrons (or any other species) is the total potential, including both the (internal, nonelectrical) chemical potential and the electric potential, and is by definition constant across a device in equilibrium, whereas the chemical potential of electrons is equal to the electrochemical ...
When the Fermi level of graphene is tuned, its optical absorption can be changed. In 2011, researchers reported the first graphene-based optical modulator. Operating at 1.2 GHz without a temperature controller, this modulator has a broad bandwidth (from 1.3 to 1.6 μm) and small footprint (~ 25 μm 2). [94]
However, when formed into a graphene oxide-based capillary membrane, both liquid water and water vapor flow through as quickly as if the membrane were not present. [223] In 2022, researchers evaluated the biological effects of low doses on graphene oxide on larvae and imago of Drosophila melanogaster. Results show that oral administration of ...
An electrochemical gradient is analogous to the water pressure across a hydroelectric dam. Routes unblocked by the membrane (e.g. membrane transport protein or electrodes ) correspond to turbines that convert the water's potential energy to other forms of physical or chemical energy, and the ions that pass through the membrane correspond to ...
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to obtain the frequency response of batteries and electrocatalytic systems at relatively high temperatures. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Biomedical sensors working in the microwave range relies on dielectric spectroscopy to detect changes in the dielectric properties over a frequency range, such as non ...
In principle, ammonia has an extremely small electrochemical window, but thermodynamically-favored reactions less than 1 V outside the window are very slow. Consequently, the electrochemical window for many practical reactions is much larger, comparable to water. [3] Ionic liquids famously have a very large electrochemical window, about 4–5 V ...
Randles circuit schematic. In electrochemistry, a Randles circuit is an equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance R S in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance C dl and an impedance (Z w) of a faradaic reaction.