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As of March 2014, NED contains 206 million distinct astronomical objects with 232 million cross-identifications across multiple wavelengths, with redshift measurements for 5 million objects, 1.9 billion photometric data points, 609 million diameter measurements, 71 thousand redshift-independent distances for over 15 thousand galaxies, 310 ...
A(B) and A(V) are the total extinction at the B and V filter bands. Another measure used in the literature is the absolute extinction A(λ)/A(V) at wavelength λ, comparing the total extinction at that wavelength to that at the V band. R(V) is known to be correlated with the average size of the dust grains causing the extinction.
Cosmic dust – also called extraterrestrial dust, space dust, or star dust – is dust that occurs in outer space or has fallen onto Earth. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Most cosmic dust particles measure between a few molecules and 0.1 mm (100 μm ), such as micrometeoroids (<30 μm) and meteoroids (>30 μm). [ 3 ]
Intergalactic dust can form intergalactic dust clouds, known since the 1960s to exist around some galaxies. [1] By the 1980s, at least four intergalactic dust clouds had been discovered within several megaparsecs of the Milky Way galaxy, [ 1 ] exemplified by the Okroy Cloud .
In Saturn's magnetosphere the active moon Enceladus at 4 (= 6.0 × 10 4 km is Saturn's radius) is a source of oxygen and water ions at a density of 10 9 m −3 and an energy 5 eV. Dust particles are charged to a surface potential of -1 and -2 V. Outside 4 the ion energy increases to 100 eV and the resulting surface potential rises to +5 V. [166 ...
Projection of the Kardashev scale to 2040 based on data from the International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook. Kardashev presented for the first time a classification of civilizations according to the level of the rate of their energy consumption, or ability to harness power, in an article entitled Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations, published in 1964 first in ...
The causes of these extinctions are varied — land-use change, habitat loss, deforestation, intensive farming and agriculture, invasive species, overhunting and the climate crisis — but all ...
The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA, ZoA), or Zone of Galactic Obscuration (ZGO), [1] [2] is the area of the sky that is obscured by the Milky Way. [ 3 ] The Zone of Avoidance was originally called the Zone of Few Nebulae in an 1878 paper by English astronomer Richard Proctor that referred to the distribution of " nebulae " in John Herschel 's General ...