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Jamaican vomiting sickness, also known as toxic hypoglycemic syndrome (THS), [1] acute ackee fruit intoxication, [2] or ackee poisoning, [1] is an acute illness caused by the toxins hypoglycin A and hypoglycin B, which are present in fruit of the ackee tree.
There are over 100 names for this fruit across different regions, including great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry, vomit fruit, awl tree, and rotten cheese fruit. [ 5 ] The pungent odour of the fresh fruit has made it a famine food in most regions, but it remains a staple food among some cultures and is used in traditional medicine.
The levels of the toxin decrease over time though from approximately 1000 ppm to around 0.1 ppm in the mature fruit. [ 4 ] Relatives of Ackee, including lychee , longan , and rambutan , can contain enough α-(methylenecyclopropyl)glycine, a homologue of hypoglycin A, in their fruit to cause hypoglycemic encephalopathy in undernourished children ...
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Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a specific group of symptoms and metabolic state related to alcohol use. [3] Symptoms often include abdominal pain, vomiting, agitation, a fast respiratory rate, and a specific "fruity" smell. [2]
Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood; Yellow or green vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum. This may occur during successive episodes of vomiting after the ...
Syrup of ipecac (/ ˈ ɪ p ɪ k æ k /), or simply ipecac, is a drug that was once widely used as an expectorant (in low doses) and a rapid-acting emetic (in higher doses). It is obtained from the dried rhizome and roots of the ipecacuanha plant (Carapichea ipecacuanha), from which it derives its name.
Vomitoxin belongs to a class of mycotoxins (trichothecenes) which are strong inhibitors of protein synthesis; [4] exposure to vomitoxin causes the brain to decrease its uptake of the amino acid tryptophan and, in turn, its synthesis of serotonin. Reduced levels of serotonin are believed to be responsible for the anorexic effects of DON and ...