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Native ash species, including white ash (pictured), have been declining rapidly this century due to predation by the emerald ash borer. [1]Silvics of North America (1991), [2] [3] a forest inventory compiled and published by the United States Forest Service, includes many hardwood trees.
Chestnut (Castanea sativa) American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) Cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa) Corkwood (Leitneria floridana) Cottonwood, popular. Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) Swamp cottonwood (Populus heterophylla) Cucumbertree (Magnolia acuminata)
The hardest hardwoods are much harder than any softwood, [4] but in both groups there is enormous variation with the range of wood hardness of the two groups overlapping. For example, balsa wood, which is a hardwood, is softer than most softwoods, whereas the longleaf pine, Douglas fir, and yew softwoods are much harder than several hardwoods.
The Janka hardness test (English: / ˈdʒæŋkə /; [1] German: [ˈjaŋka]), created by Austrian-born American researcher Gabriel Janka (1864–1932), measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. [citation needed] It measures the force required to embed an 11.28-millimeter-diameter (7⁄16 in) steel ball halfway into a ...
Hardwood from deciduous species, such as oak, normally shows annual growth rings, but these may be absent in some tropical hardwoods. [3] Hardwoods have a more complex structure than softwoods and are often much slower growing as a result. The dominant feature separating "hardwoods" from softwoods is the presence of pores, or vessels. [4]
Lignum vitae is hard and durable, and is also the densest wood traded (average dried density: ~79 lb/ft 3 or ~1,260 kg/m 3); [4] it will easily sink in water. On the Janka scale of hardness, which measures hardness of woods, lignum vitae ranks highest of the trade woods, with a Janka hardness of 4,390 lbf (compared with Olneya at 3,260 lbf, [5] African blackwood at 2,940 lbf, hickory at 1,820 ...