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Whately divided fallacies into two groups: logical and material. According to Whately, logical fallacies are arguments where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion follows from the premises. He then divided the logical group into two groups: purely logical and semi-logical.
Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. [11] Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative ...
When referring to a generalization made from a single example, the terms fallacy of the lonely fact, [8] or the fallacy of proof by example, might be used. [ 9 ] When evidence is intentionally excluded to bias the result, the fallacy of exclusion—a form of selection bias —is said to be involved.
The Spanish version of the book was reviewed by Rafael Martínez for Loffit, and it emphasized how effectively the book's lessons could be learned by listening to various debates heard every day on radio and television, identifying in them examples of logical fallacies that the book explains. [12]
Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments [1] is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many years in a number of college courses on logic, critical thinking, argumentation, and philosophy. It explains 60 of the most commonly committed fallacies.
In modal logic, a proposition can be necessarily true or false (denoted and , respectively), meaning that it is necessary that it is true or false; or it could be possibly true or false (denoted and ), meaning that it is true or false, but it is not logically necessary that it is so: its truth or falseness is contingent. The modal fallacy ...
For example, "Nobody has ever proved to me there's a God, so I know there is no God". [4] Another version of the appeal to ignorance concludes from the absence of proof against a claim that this claim must be true. Arguments from analogy are also susceptible to fallacies of relevance. An analogy is a comparison between two objects based on ...
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