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Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. [1] [2] Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least ...
Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. [2] As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1 , H1N2 , H2N1, H3N1 , H3N2 , and H2N3 .
The closely related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has evolved into many strains, classified by the natural host species. SIV strains of the African green monkey (SIVagm) and sooty mangabey (SIVsmm) are thought to have a long evolutionary history with their hosts.
Simian immunodeficiency virus, a virus found in primates and related to HIV; Swine influenza virus, the cause of influenza in pigs; Silicon-vacancy center in diamond (Si-V), an optically active defect in diamond
They were able to determine that the isolated retrovirus was the cause of AIDS. They went on to discover that HIV originated from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabey strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Their team used non-invasive research techniques in order to study endangered species of primates in the wild.
The Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis (OPV AIDS) is a now-discredited hypothesis which argued the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures, accidentally contaminated with simian immunodeficiency virus and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experimental mass vaccination campaigns.
The Vpu gene is found exclusively in HIV-1 and some HIV-1-related simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, such as SIV cpz, SIV gsn, and SIV mon, but not in HIV-2 or the majority of SIV isolates. [3] Structural similarities between Vpu and another small viral protein, M2, encoded by influenza A virus were first noted soon after the discovery of Vpu.
Each group is believed to represent an independent transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) into humans, excluding subtypes within a specific group. [2] The complete genome sequence of HIV-1 contains a total of 39 open reading frames (ORFs) across all six possible reading frames (RFs), but only a few of them are functional. [6]