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The arc length of one branch between x = x 1 and x = x 2 is a ln y 1 / y 2 . The area between the tractrix and its asymptote is π a 2 / 2 , which can be found using integration or Mamikon's theorem. The envelope of the normals of the tractrix (that is, the evolute of the tractrix) is the catenary (or chain curve) given by y = a ...
where is the applied tension on the line, is the resulting force exerted at the other side of the capstan, is the coefficient of friction between the rope and capstan materials, and is the total angle swept by all turns of the rope, measured in radians (i.e., with one full turn the angle =).
Paul Appell pointed out a physical interpretation of the imaginary period: [16] if θ 0 is the maximum angle of one pendulum and 180° − θ 0 is the maximum angle of another, then the real period of each is the magnitude of the imaginary period of the other.
Langley's Adventitious Angles Solution to Langley's 80-80-20 triangle problem. Langley's Adventitious Angles is a puzzle in which one must infer an angle in a geometric diagram from other given angles. It was posed by Edward Mann Langley in The Mathematical Gazette in 1922. [1] [2]
Then, using the triangle law of sines, it is found that the rod-vertical angle is 18.60639° and the crank-rod angle is 88.21832°. Clearly, in this example, the angle between the crank and the rod is not a right angle. Summing the angles of the triangle 88.21832° + 18.60639° + 73.17530° gives 180.00000°.
Angle on the bow is the angle made by the ship's course and the line of sight (see Figure 1). The angle on the bow was usually estimated based on the observational experience of the observer. In some cases, the observers improved their estimation abilities by practicing against ship models mounted on a "lazy Susan". [15]
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The angle θ is taken in the positive sense and must lie in the interval 0 < θ ≤ π (radian measure). The chord function can be related to the modern sine function, by taking one of the points to be (1,0), and the other point to be (cos θ, sin θ), and then using the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the chord length: [2]