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PERF 558 is the oldest surviving Arabic papyrus, [1] found in Heracleopolis in Egypt, and is also the oldest dated Arabic text using the Islamic era, dating to 643. [2] It is a bilingual Arabic- Greek fragment, [ 3 ] consisting of a tax receipt, [ 4 ] or as it puts it "Document concerning the delivery of sheep to the Magarites and other people ...
This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels.
Islamic manuscripts had a variety of functions ranging from Qur'anic recitation to scientific notation. These manuscripts were produced in many different ways depending on their use and period. Parchment was a common way to produce manuscripts. [1]
By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the Byzantine Empire, but papyrus was still an option. [11] Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known, and museums simply showed them as curiosities. [12] They did not contain literary works. [13]
The dating and text of early manuscripts of the Qur'an have been used as evidence in support of the traditional Islamic views and by sceptics to cast doubt on it. The high number of manuscripts and fragments present from the first 100 years after the reported canonization have made the text one ripe for academic discussion.
The Diary of Merer (also known as Papyrus Jarf) is the name for papyrus logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by Merer, a middle-ranking official with the title inspector (sḥḏ, sehedj). They are the oldest known papyri with text, dating to the 26th year [ 1 ] of the reign of Pharaoh Khufu (reigned in the early 26th century BC, estimated c ...
The oldest known scroll is the Diary of Merer, which can be dated to c. 2568 BCE in the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu or Cheops due to its contents.Scrolls were used by many early civilizations before the codex, or bound book with pages, was invented by the Romans [3] and popularized by Christianity. [4]
Many papyrus texts come from tombs, where prayers and sacred texts were deposited (such as the Book of the Dead, from the early 2nd millennium BCE). Papyrus was a common substrate to be used as notarial documents, tax registries, and legal contracts. [13] Scrolls were typically held vertically to be read and text was written in long columns.