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The polar patterns illustrated above represent the locus of points in polar coordinates that produce the same signal level output in the microphone if a given sound pressure level (SPL) is generated from that point. How the physical body of the microphone is oriented relative to the diagrams depends on the microphone design.
Two examples of different boundary mics (top) and a diagram of the elements of a boundary microphone. The diagram shows the location of the mic capsule, the plate, the aperture, and the pressure zone. In 1978, audio engineers Ed Long and Ron Wickersham studied the effects of the boundary layer in sound recording.
Mid/side coincident technique employs a bidirectional microphone (with a figure of 8 polar pattern) facing sideways and a cardioid (generally a variety of cardioid, although Alan Blumlein described the usage of an omnidirectional transducer in his original patent) facing the sound source.
The pair consists of an array of two matched microphones that have a bi-directional ("figure-eight") polar pattern, positioned 90° from each other. Ideally, the transducers should occupy the same physical space; since this cannot be achieved, the microphone capsules are placed as close to each other as physically possible, generally with one ...
The following year, RCA introduced the Type 44A Velocity Microphone. Its tone and pattern control helped reduce reverberation. Many RCA ribbon models are still in use and valued by audio engineers. [13] The BBC-Marconi Type A was an iconic ribbon microphone produced by the BBC and Marconi between 1934 and 1959. [14]
Polar pattern Cardioid, [9] rotationally symmetrical about microphone axis, uniform with frequency Sensitivity (at 1,000 Hz Open Circuit Voltage) −54.5 dBV/Pa (1.85 mV); 1 Pa = 94 dB SPL [9] Impedance Rated impedance is 150 Ω (300 Ω actual) for connection to microphone inputs rated low impedance [9] Polarity
The microphones should be as similar as possible, preferably a frequency-matched pair of an identical type and model. The result is a realistic stereo field that has reasonable compatibility with mono playback. Since the cardioid polar pattern rejects off-axis sound, less of the ambient room characteristics are picked up.
A diagram of the NOS stereo technique. The Nederlandse Omroep Stitchting (NOS) stereo technique is a method of capturing stereo sound. The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (English: Dutch Broadcast Foundation) found a stereo main microphone system by a number of practical attempts in the 1960s. This system resulted in a quite even distribution of ...