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  2. Sister group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group

    The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.

  3. Clade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade

    The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. [15] Ages of clades cannot be directly observed.

  4. List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Y-chromosome_haplo...

    The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations around the world. Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe

  5. Haplogroup N (mtDNA) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)

    Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

  6. Molecular phylogenetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics

    Molecular phylogenetics (/ m ə ˈ l ɛ k j ʊ l ər ˌ f aɪ l oʊ dʒ ə ˈ n ɛ t ɪ k s, m ɒ-, m oʊ-/ [1] [2]) is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine ...

  7. Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in...

    Population Language group n A B E1a E1b1a E1b1b E2 J R1b T Reference Alur: Nilo-Saharan: 9 22 0 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 Wood 2005 [1]: Amhara () : Semitic: 48 14.6 2.1 0 45.8 0 33.3

  8. Haplogroup L3 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_L3

    Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans.. It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of about 70–50,000 years ago.

  9. Phylogenetic nomenclature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature

    The diagram shows three common ways of doing this. For previously defined clades A, B, and C, the clade X can be defined as: The three most common ways to define the name of a clade: node-based, branch-based and apomorphy-based definition. The tree represents a phylogenetic hypothesis of the relations of A, B and C.