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  2. Alhazen's problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen's_problem

    If the camera (eye) is placed on the axis of the mirror, the degree of the equation reduces to six. [15] Alhazen's problem can also be extended to multiple refractions from a spherical ball. Given a light source and a spherical ball of certain refractive index , the closest point on the spherical ball where the light is refracted to the eye of ...

  3. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    In the above formula for r s, if we put = ⁡ / ⁡ (Snell's law) and multiply the numerator and denominator by ⁠ 1 / n 1 ⁠ sin θ t, we obtain [10] [11] = ⁡ ⁡ (+).

  4. Method of image charges - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_image_charges

    The method of image charges (also known as the method of images and method of mirror charges) is a basic problem-solving tool in electrostatics.The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with fictitious charges, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Dirichlet boundary conditions or Neumann boundary conditions).

  5. Method of images - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_images

    The method of images (or method of mirror images) is a mathematical tool for solving differential equations, in which boundary conditions are satisfied by combining a solution not restricted by the boundary conditions with its possibly weighted mirror image. Generally, original singularities are inside the domain of interest but the function is ...

  6. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or

  7. Brewster's angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster's_angle

    We finally divide both sides by ⁡, collect terms and rearrange to produce ⁡ = /, from which the desired result follows (which then allows reverse proof that + =). For a glass medium ( n 2 ≈ 1.5 ) in air ( n 1 ≈ 1 ), Brewster's angle for visible light is approximately 56°, while for an air-water interface ( n 2 ≈ 1.33 ), it is ...

  8. Burnside's lemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside's_lemma

    Burnside's lemma can compute the number of rotationally distinct colourings of the faces of a cube using three colours.. Let X be the set of 3 6 possible face color combinations that can be applied to a fixed cube, and let the rotation group G of the cube act on X by moving the colored faces: two colorings in X belong to the same orbit precisely when one is a rotation of the other.

  9. Lloyd's mirror - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd's_mirror

    Lloyd's mirror is an optics experiment that was first described in 1834 by Humphrey Lloyd in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. [1] Its original goal was to provide further evidence for the wave nature of light , beyond those provided by Thomas Young and Augustin-Jean Fresnel .