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The immune system fights germs on the skin, in the tissues of the body, and in bodily fluids such as blood. It is made up of the innate (general) immune system and the adaptive (specialized) immune system. These two systems work closely together and take on different tasks.
Innate immunity. Innate immunity is an antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to almost any microbe. This is the immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection.
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system [1] is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates. The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and invertebrates (see Beyond vertebrates). [2 ...
Innate (natural) immunity is so named because it is present at birth and does not have to be learned through exposure to an invader. It thus provides an immediate response to foreign invaders. However, its components treat all foreign invaders in much the same way.
The body has two immune systems: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity is an antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to almost any microbe.
Whereas the adaptive immune system arose in evolution less than 500 million years ago and is confined to vertebrates, innate immune responses have been found among both vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in plants, and the basic mechanisms that regulate them are conserved.
An innate immune system must recognize pathogens, potentially through dedicated receptors, then must integrate that information via signaling pathways to ultimately launch a response that targets the pathogens. Specificity is key at each of these three steps.
Primordial forms of innate immunity (here conceptualized as innate immunity 1.0) were subjected to co-evolutionary constraints with the advent of adaptive immunity, evolving into what might...
The innate immune system is more ancient than the acquired or adaptive immune response, and it has developed and evolved to protect the host from the surrounding environment in which a variety of toxins and infectious agents including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are found (1).
Immune metabolism shows that energy, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism control innate immune responses. Given the high prevalence of macrophages in the gut, diet significantly impacts immune function and macrophage biology.