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Bosonization. In theoretical condensed matter physics and quantum field theory, bosonization is a mathematical procedure by which a system of interacting fermions in (1+1) dimensions can be transformed to a system of massless, non-interacting bosons. [1] The method of bosonization was conceived independently by particle physicists Sidney ...
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
Massless free scalar bosons are a family of two-dimensional conformal field theories, whose symmetry is described by an abelian affine Lie algebra. Since they are free i.e. non-interacting, free bosonic CFTs are easily solved exactly. Via the Coulomb gas formalism, they lead to exact results in interacting CFTs such as minimal models.
Bose–Hubbard model. The Bose–Hubbard model gives a description of the physics of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice. It is closely related to the Hubbard model that originated in solid-state physics as an approximate description of superconducting systems and the motion of electrons between the atoms of a crystalline solid.
The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac [3] [4] to commemorate the contribution of Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist. When Bose was a reader (later professor) at the University of Dhaka, Bengal (now in Bangladesh), [5] [6] he and Albert Einstein developed the theory characterising such particles, now known as Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate.
Category. v. t. e. Illustration of Bose-Einstein condensation: as the temperature of the ensemble of bosons is reduced, the overlap between the particles' wavefunctions increases as the thermal de Broglie wavelength increases. At one point, when the overlap becomes significant, a macroscopic number of particles condense into the ground state.
Scientists. v. t. e. In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are. W+.
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