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  2. Scanning electron microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope

    An account of the early history of scanning electron microscopy has been presented by McMullan. [2] [3] Although Max Knoll produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, [4] it was Manfred von Ardenne who in 1937 invented [5] a microscope with high resolution by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely ...

  3. Scanning electrochemical microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electrochemical...

    Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a technique within the broader class of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that is used to measure the local electrochemical behavior of liquid/solid, liquid/gas and liquid/liquid interfaces. [1][2][3][4][5] Initial characterization of the technique was credited to University of Texas electrochemist ...

  4. Field-emission microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-emission_microscopy

    Field-emission microscopy. Field-emission microscopy (FEM) is an analytical technique that is used in materials science to study the surfaces of needle apexes. [1][2] The FEM was invented by Erwin Wilhelm Müller in 1936, [3] and it was one of the first surface-analysis instruments that could approach near- atomic resolution.

  5. Scanning tunneling microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope

    A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a type of scanning probe microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, then at IBM Zürich, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. [1][2][3] STM senses the surface by using an extremely sharp conducting tip that can ...

  6. Electron microprobe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microprobe

    An electron microprobe (EMP), also known as an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) or electron micro probe analyzer (EMPA), is an analytical tool used to non-destructively determine the chemical composition of small volumes of solid materials. It works similarly to a scanning electron microscope: the sample is bombarded with an electron beam ...

  7. Environmental scanning electron microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_scanning...

    The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber. Although there were earlier successes at viewing wet specimens in internal ...

  8. Scanning transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_transmission...

    Inside the aberration corrector (hexapole -hexapole type) A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pronunciation is [stɛm] or [ɛsti:i:ɛm]. As with a conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM), images are formed by electrons passing through a sufficiently thin specimen.

  9. Immunolabeling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunolabeling

    Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) uses a scanning electron microscope, which produces large images that are perceived as three-dimensional when, in fact, they are not. This type of microscope concentrates a beam of electrons across a very small area (2-3 nm) of the specimen in order to produce electrons from said specimen.

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