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Theophylline. Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [2] Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). [1]
The effects of theophylline/ephedrine as a performance-enhancing drug in exercise and sports have been studied. [20] [21] Use of theophylline/ephedrine combinations has led to disqualification of elite athletes due to ephedrine being banned in competitive sports. [22]
Theophylline is a non-selective adenosine antagonist. It is also an anti-asthmatic agent and a demethylized metabolite of caffeine. Small open-label trials suggest that theophylline has anti-parkinsonian benefit but a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial did not clearly establish relief from symptoms. [3]
In animal and human studies, it has shown similar efficacy to theophylline but with significantly fewer side effects. [5] In February 2014, the US FDA granted an orphan drug designation to doxofylline for the treatment of bronchiectasis following the submission of an application by Alitair Pharmaceuticals, in May 2013. [6] [7] [8]
Aminophylline is a compound of the bronchodilator theophylline with ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as a dihydrate. [2] Aminophylline is less potent and shorter-acting than theophylline. Its most common use is in the treatment of airway obstruction from asthma or COPD ...
Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) or fenetylline is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and so a mutual prodrug of both. It is also spelled phenethylline; other names for it are amphetamin oethyl theophylline and amfetyline. The drug was marketed for use as a psychostimulant under the brand names Captagon, Biocapton, and Fitton.