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The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, [ 1 ] was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and to end with the ...
Confessionalization. In Protestant Reformation history, confessionalization is the parallel processes of "confession-building" taking place in Europe between the Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). For most of this time, there was a nominal peace in the Holy Roman Empire between the Protestant and Catholic ...
The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that occurred in Western Europe during the 16th century that resulted in a divide in Christianity between Roman Catholics and Protestants. This movement "created a North-South split in Europe, where generally Northern countries became Protestant, while Southern countries remained Catholic."
Counter-Reformation in Poland. The Counter-Reformation in Poland (Polish: Kontrreformacja w Polsce) was the response (Counter-Reformation) of Catholic Church in Poland (more precisely, the Kingdom of Poland until 1568, and thereafter the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) to the spread of Protestantism in Poland (the Protestant Reformation).
The Moravian Church, or the Moravian Brethren (Czech: Moravská církev or Moravští bratři), formally the Unitas Fratrum (Latin: "Unity of the Brethren"), [3] [4] [5] is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in Christianity, dating back to the Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century and the Unity of the Brethren (Czech: Jednota ...
The Magdeburg Confession (officially, the Confession, Instruction, and Admonition of the pastors and preachers of the Christian congregations of Magdeburg) was a Lutheran statement of faith. It was written by nine pastors of the city of Magdeburg in 1550 in response to the Augsburg Interim and the imposition of Roman Catholicism.
Piotr Skarga. Piotr Skarga (less often Piotr Powęski; [nb 1] 2 February 1536 – 27 September 1612) was a Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist, and leading figure of the Counter-Reformation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to his oratorical gifts, he has been called "the Polish Bossuet ". [2]
Lewis Lockwood. Lewis H. Lockwood (born December 16, 1930) [1] is an American musicologist whose main fields are the music of the Italian Renaissance and the life and work of Ludwig van Beethoven. [1] Joseph Kerman described him as "a leading musical scholar of the postwar generation, and the leading American authority on Beethoven".