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Hyperphantasia is the condition of having extremely vivid mental imagery. [1] It is the opposite condition to aphantasia, where mental visual imagery is not present. [2] [3] The experience of hyperphantasia is more common than aphantasia [4] [5] and has been described as being "as vivid as real seeing". [4]
The word appeared in the psychological literature in 1982, when the academic journal Social Problems published an article entitled "Pronoia" by Dr. Fred H. Goldner of Queens College in New York City, in which Goldner described a phenomenon opposite to paranoia and provided numerous examples of specific persons who displayed such characteristics: [1] [2]
Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ("cold") bias, such as mental noise, [ 5 ] or motivational ("hot") bias, such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking .
Symptoms often manifest in difficulties with staring, mind blanking, absent-mindedness, mental confusion and maladaptive mind-wandering alongside delayed, sedentary or slow motor movements. [2] To scientists in the field, it has reached the threshold of evidence and recognition as a distinct syndrome.
Hypermania – severe mania—mental state with high intensity disorientation and often violent behavior, symptomatic of bipolar disorder (hyper- (Greek) meaning abnormal excess) Hypomania – mild mania—mental state with persistent and pervasive elevated or irritable mood, symptomatic of bipolar disorder (hypo- (Greek) meaning deficient)
The phenomenon was first described by Francis Galton in 1880 in a statistical study about mental imagery. [2] Galton wrote: To my astonishment, I found that the great majority of the men of science to whom I first applied, protested that mental imagery was unknown to them, and they looked on me as fanciful and fantastic in supposing that the words "mental imagery" really expressed what I ...
Blaming is the opposite of personalization. In the blaming distortion, the disproportionate level of blame is placed upon other people, rather than oneself. [15] In this way, the person avoids taking personal responsibility, making way for a "victim mentality". Example: Placing blame for marital problems entirely on one's spouse. [15]
Superordinate semantic paraphasias replace a specific target word with a more generalized group to which the target word involves, such as replacing pear with fruit. Subordinate semantic paraphasias are the opposite of superordinate semantic paraphasias and replace the target word with one that is more specific – rose, for flower, for example.